ABSTRACT
The gut enzymes are released in response to intake of meal, those are GLP-I (glucagon link peptide-I) & GIP (glucose-dependent insulin tropic polypeptide) along with DPP-4(Dipeptidylpeptidase-4). GLP-I has vital role in control of glucose levels and it may also has capacity reduce body weight and it can manage some micro & macro-vascular complications. Unfortunately it has very shorter half-life 1-2 min, and eventually it was degraded by DPP-4 enzyme. Therefore GLP-I has ineffective to perform its tasks. To overcome this incidence essential to inhibit DPP-4 enzyme is benefited in diabetics and in non diabetics suffering with micro, macro vascular complications. Ubiquitous Dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP) -4 has pleiotropic effects because it is widely distributed other than intestine. DPP-4 enzyme inhibition has a promising effect on glycemic control. DPP-4 inhibition is also involved in the improvement of non-glycemic effects as directly or indirectly the DPP-4 enzyme is linked with some pathological conditions of particular organs, such as DPP-4 is linked with the intestinal secretion of triglycerides, and DPP-4 is expressed in the glomerulus in uncontrolled diabetics which in turn leads to nephritis. DPP-4 release strongly correlates with adipocyte size, potentially representing an important source of DPP-4 in obesity. DPP-4 inhibition produces an anti-inflammatory activity because the activity of DPP-4 results in reduced production of cytokines including interleukins and interferon-G. All these anti-inflammatory agents are inhibited by the DPP-4 enzyme which can lead to pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases and provokes atherosclerosis & psoriasis. Serum sodium and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) levels are also regulated by inhibition of the DPP-4 enzyme and which can produce vascular protection & regulates blood pressure. Teneligliptin is a recently developed oral DPP-4 inhibitor indicated for the management of T2DM in adults along with diet and exercise. Teneligliptin is recently available in India and is also available in combination with other oral hypoglycemic agents at affordable prices. This review is aimed at exploring the status of teneligliptin with emphasis on its glycemic effects and non-glycemic clinical benefits associated with increasing GLP-1 & GIP
ABSTRACT
The purpose of the present study was to estimate the protective effects of curcumin against anxiety and memory impairment, which are often comorbid in patients with anxiety disorders who are on standard anxiolytic therapy. The effects of curcumin on brain monoamine levels were also determined. We used the elevated plus maze (EPM), a standard animal model of anxiety, to determine the effects of subacute administration (14 days) of curcumin at doses of 5 and 10 mg/kg (p.o.) against pentylenetetrazole (PTZ; 20 mg/kg, i.p.)-induced anxiety-like behavior, followed by an evaluation of the effects of curcumin on cognitive deficits induced by PTZ using the passive avoidance retention task. Rats were exposed to the passive avoidance learning task before the initiation of treatment, and the effects on memory retention were studied 24 h after the EPM trial. A marked increase in the time spent in the open arms, an index of anxiety, and an increase in the step-down latency, an index of memory retention, were observed in curcumin-treated rats. Curcumin increased the levels of serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine in various regions of the rat brain. These results confirm the anxiolytic and memory-retentive effects of curcumin, and alterations in brain monoamine levels may have contributed to the present findings